Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis is an important pathogen that causes infectious diseases whose treatment is extremely formidable. Staphylococcus epidermidis enterotoxins with effects on intestinal epithelial cells can are be causing Create food poisoning in people. The aim of the current study is to the identification of (MRSE) strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in Isfahan. During six-months, 60 clinical specimens to isolated from strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were screened. Following identification strains, (MRSE) isolates were isolated by PCR method and, and then antibiotic resistance pattern of them was determined by Kirby – Bauer method. The presence of the sea, seb, sed and, sei genes was analyzed by PCR. 45 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from 60 samples, 30 isolates (66. 6 percent) were (MRSE). (MRSE) isolates exhibited the highest rates of resistance to penicillin (80 percent), and cefoxitin (56. 6 percent), while they showed the lowest resistance to levofloxacin (13. 3 percent), and rifampicin (6. 6 percent). The prevalence rate of Moreover, the frequency of enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sed and, sei was 60 percent, 63. 3 percent, 13. 3 percent and, 76. 6 percent respectively, in the isolate. In this study, a high percentage of (MRSE) isolates were antibiotic-resistant and produced enterotoxin. Considering that these toxins are superantigen and can more intense the complications of clinical and nosocomial infections, detecting and rapid treatment of these infections are essential.

Objective: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ((MRSE)) remains one of the most prevalent drug-resistant bacteria causing health care infections. Limited data are available about how the frequency of (MRSE) changed in Iran over the past years. The current study aimed at determining the frequency of (MRSE) in different cities of Iran. Methods: Databases includingWeb of Sciences, Scopus, Embase, Medline, and Iranian databases were searched to find studies addressing the frequency of (MRSE) in Iran published from Mar 2006 to Jan 2016. The data were analyzed using comprehensive metaanalysis version 2. 2 (Biostat). Of the 139 records identified in the databases, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: The analyses showed that the frequency of (MRSE) infections was 73. 9% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 61. 4-83. 4] among culture-positive cases of S. epidermidis in different parts of Iran. The frequency of (MRSE) was higher in the studies conducted from 2011 to 2015, based on further stratified analyses. Conclusions: The regular surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and formulation of definite antibiotic policy may control high rate of (MRSE)associated infections in Iran. Moreover, rapidandreliable diagnosis of (MRSE)isolatesandregular screening of the personnel and surfaces of hospitals in terms of (MRSE) are indispensable.

Background: Utilizing pomegranate peel as an antibacterial agent in topical formulations presents an opportunity for optimization through innovative drug delivery systems, notably encapsulating extracts and fractions within a nanoemulgel. Objective: This study aimed to formulate ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of pomegranate peel into nanoemulgels and assess their antibacterial activity against skin disease-causing bacteria. Methods: The methodology encompassed extraction, formulation, testing, and antibacterial assays involving maceration and fractionation using ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. The physical properties and antibacterial efficacy of the nanoemulgels were evaluated. Results: Nanoemulsions derived from pomegranate peel ethanol extracts and ethyl acetate exhibited promising attributes, demonstrating 98.27 % and 98.77 % transmittance levels and zeta potentials of 0.18 mV and 0.32 mV. The nanoemulgel with ethanol had a pH of 6.62 ± 0.02, 6.86 ± 0.01, 6.3 ± 0.01 in 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 % concentrations. For nanoemulgels with ethyl acetate, the pH levels for concentrations 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 % are 6.58 ± 0.00, 6.80 ± 0.01, and 6.94 ± 0.01, respectively. These nanoemulgels displayed consistent odour, colour, and homogeneity characteristics, highlighting their suitability for topical application. The adhesion, spreadability, and viscosity assessments showed concentration-dependent variations, influencing effectiveness and user comfort. Notably, these nanoemulgels displayed substantial potential as antimicrobial agents against S. aureus and S. epidermidis bacteria in inhibitory assays, signalling promise for addressing skin infections. Conclusion: Overall, the study underscores the potential of nanoemulgels derived from pomegranate peel extracts as a natural alternative for topical antimicrobial therapy against skin infections.

Background: Sumac (Rhus coriaria L. epicarp) is an Iranian traditional spice which is widely used in the country. Following the recent efforts to look for healthy herbal remedies with antimicrobial potential, the effect of total extract of sumac was investigated on some clinical isolates of skin bacteria. Materials and methods: Hydroalcholic extract of Sumac prepared from Tehran botanicals drug market was extracted by maceration method using 80% ethanol. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was studied and compared with the commercial antibiotic of Gentamycin as positive control. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the extract were determined against the skin bacteria of Corynebacterium xerosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The skin bacteria used included ten axilla isolates of C. xerosis, seven skin isolates of S. epidermidis and also a standard strain of S. epidermidis ATCC 12229. Results: The results obtained in this study indicate considerable antimicrobial effect of Sumac on skin bacteria. Sumac showed bactericidal effect on all of the tested strains. The MIC obtained against most of the microorganisms was 1.56 mg/ml. Discussion: The antimicrobial effect of Sumac on skin bacteria looks promising. Further studies should be conducted on identification and purification of the potential antimicrobial compound of Sumac which could be used in the antiseptic products.

ABSTRACT Background: Staphylococcus epidermidis produces various types of extracellular protein toxins including staphylococcal enterotoxins that act as superantigens, and can provide conditions to attack host cells. The goal of the current study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns, and detection of prevalent enterotoxin genes in (MRSE) strains containing the ACME-arcA gene in Isfahan. Methods: This survey was done, on a total of 150 staphylococcal isolates acquired from different nosocomial infections. (MRSE) strains isolated by the PCR procedure. The antimicrobial patterns of (MRSE) isolates were determined by the disk diffusion procedure. Finally, enterotoxin genes in (MRSE) strains containing the ACME-arcA gene were detected by using the PCR system.  , Results:  , Out of 150 clinical infections, 100 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were isolated. Among 100 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, 65 (65%) isolates were (MRSE). Of these, 33 isolates (50. 7%) had both mecA, and ACME-arcA genes. The antimicrobial patterns of (MRSE) isolates in this study showed that the (MRSE) isolates exhibited the highest rates of resistance to erythromycin (81. 5%), and clindamycin (64. 6%), while they showed the lowest resistance to rifampicin (7. 6%), and linezolid (1. 5%). Moreover, the frequency of enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, and sei was reported 60. 6%, 63. 6%, 66. 6%, 15. 1%, 6%, 72. 7%, 0%, and 75. 7% respectively, in the isolates containing the mecA, and ACME-arcA genes. Conclusion: The variety of enterotoxin genes types, and resistance index among ACME-arcA encoding (MRSE) are causes for a public health concern, so rapid and accurate reporting of the presence of enterotoxin genes from hospital infections is essential.

Background: Increased antibiotic resistance among nosocomial infections has made the treatment of these infections difficult. Staphylococcus epidermidis is also known as one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of resistance to macrolide, lincosamid and streptogramin antibiotics, in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ((MRSE)) strains isolated from clinical samples and to detect their related resistance genes.Methods: For a period of 8 months, from 250 clinical Staphylococcus strains, 100 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were identified and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined using the disc diffusion method. (MRSE) samples were isolated by using the disk diffusion method for cefoxitin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of erythromycin was determined using the micro dilution method. The frequency of inducible clindamycin resistance phenotype was detected via D test method and the resistance genes to MLSB were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.Findings: Among 100 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, 52 isolates were (MRSE). The frequency of resistance phenotype iMLSB, MS and cMLSB were 17.3%, 13.4% and 48%, respectively. The frequency of the resistance genes ermC, msrA and ermA were 73%, 11.5% and 5.7%, respectively.Conclusion: The high frequency of the ermC gene among isolates is a serious warning to health systems; thus, use of convenient and effective treatment methods after antibiotic susceptibility tests is necessary.